Sunday, March 5, 2017

SCM Trigger 2 - Outsourcing

1.      What are the advantages and disadvantages of transportation outsourcing?

In an attempt to enhance their competitiveness, organizations are increasingly turning to outsourcing. Outsourcing is the transfer of activities, that were previously conducted in-house, to a third party.
Main reasons for outsourcing:

Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing:



Logistics is one of the most outsourced business elements. Finnish companies appear to have been outsourcing transport and forwarding far more than other countries compared. 

 Transport costs are still the largest single logistics cost item.






2.      How to outsource efficiently and maintain the quality of third party?

There are several critical success factors of outsourcing:
·        Understanding company goals and objectives
·        A strategic vision and plan
·        Selecting the right vendor
·        A properly structured contract. Outsourcing agreement should include:
o   Scope of services
o   Term of the agreement
o   Rates, fees, incentives
o   Termination plan
o   Conflict resolution
o   Communication
o   Management and control – procedures for managing and performing the services
o   other
·        Open communication with the individual groups involved
·        Ongoing management of the relationship
·        Senior executive support and involvement
·        Careful attention to personnel issues

3.      Risk management in outsourcing transportation.

  • Technical risks – related to the extent to which the provider is able to provide the desired functionality and performance
  • Commercial risks – related to the uncertainty with regards to the price payed and the costs incurred
  • Contractual risks
  • Performance risks – related to the chance that the supplier is not capable of doing the job it was hired for


Sources:

1.       van Weele, A. 2010. A. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice. Fifth edition. Cengage Learning EMEA. Chapter 8, pages 181-205
2.       Ministry of Transport and Communications Finland. 2009. Finland State of Logistics 2009. Publications of the Ministry of Transport and Communications 21/2009. http://www.lvm.fi/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=339549&name= DLFE-7505.pdf&title=Finland%20State%20of%20Logistics%202009%20(LVM21/2009.

Monday, February 13, 2017

SCM Trigger 1 - Sourcing

Learning Objective 1 - What SCM factors to consider when planning sourcing?


Today’s business environment demands a continuous search  for new sources of competitive advantage. Lasting success requires steady and sometimes dramatic cost reductions, quality and delivery improvements, reduced cycle times, and improved responsiveness to customer, competitive, and financial market demands.
Global sourcing involves proactively integrating and coordinating common  items and materials, processes, designs, technologies, and suppliers across worldwide purchasing, engineering, and operating locations. Those firms that succeed will be the ones that have learned how to leverage and coordinate their activities on a worldwide basis.

Learning Objective 2 - What are the economic aspects affecting sourcing?
Learning Objective 3 - What is the impact of technology in sourcing?


According to Sara Ireton, a set of key factors to consider when making global sourcing decisions should include:
1. Total landed cost.
2. Product quality.
3. Logistics capability.
4. Location.
5. Trade regulations.
6. Finances.
7. Time to market/responsiveness of supplier.
8. Value-added services.
9. Communication/IT capabilities.
10. Human toll.

Learning Objective 4 - Wärtsilä's approach to global sourcing (acc. to its Supplier Handbook and website)


The handbook provides a set of very useful procedures and checklists in regards to the processes related to global sourcing in Wärtsilä and expectations towards the suppliers. Starting from a general framework for operations, and commitment to sustainability, the handbook lists the supplier requirements:
- Compliance (compliance with relevant legislation, restrictions on substances and materials, prohibition of illicit payments, regulations on export control)
- Occupational health and safety
- Social issues (i.e. respect for human rights, freedom from discrimination, etc)
- Innovation and protection of proprietary information
- Quality
- Environment
- Security
- Submitting the necessary information
The handbook also covers criteria for supplier assessment and selection and the requirement for the supplier to provide a Quality Assurance Plan. The supplier should provide documents for unique identification of Product batches or lots for material traceability.
Supplier performance evaluation is also regarded by Wärtsilä as one important KPI.


Sources:

1. Wärtsilä’s “Supplier Handbook” http://www.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/About-us/supplier-handbook.pdf?sfvrsn=0
2. Article: Trent, Robert J; Monczka, Robert M, “International Purchasing and Global Sourcing, what are the differences?” Journal of Supply Chain Management; Fall 2003, 39 p26.
3. Sara Ireton, 10 Factors to Consider When Sourcing Globally - http://www.joc.com/content/10-factors-consider-when-sourcing-globally

Tuesday, December 6, 2016

Marketing - Trigger 1

Learning objective 1. How to form the company image?


In every business is important to create an image to differentiate your company from competition.
In the same time the customer needs have to regarded in the top, if not first for non-profit organisations, of the reasons for business to exist.

Managing service differentiation must be a permanent concern for marketing departments. Companies have to develop an offer that would stand-out from competitors offers (by quality, attractivity, price, etc). The service delivery can be differentiated positively from competition by having more able and reliable customer-contact people, superior environment to deliver the service product, superior delivery process. The companies should also work on differentiating their image through symbols and branding.

Nicole L. Torres highlights in one article several ways to build up a company's image:

  1. Build a Terrific Website. Most prospective customers research on the internet before purchasing, notes Gordon, so make sure your website looks professional and is informative and easy to use. Employ search engine marketing to direct traffic to your website, and be sure to gear all content on the site to customers. "[Some companies] will put up a website that says, 'our mission, our clients, our services, etc.,'" notes Gordon. "Instead, focus on what the customer or client will get." If you do bathroom remodels, for instance, don't just say you're a remodeling company-say, "With your beautiful new bathroom remodeled by XYZ Corp., you'll enjoy a spa-like experience."
  2. Create a Persuasive Ad Campaign. "Just like your website, your ad campaign has to focus on what the customer will get. There should be a point of differentiation," says Gordon. You want your advertising to send people to your website, where you can flesh out your message. And even without a huge budget, you can still hire professionals to help you. If you want to do billboard or theater-screen advertising, for instance, Gordon says the firm offering the ad space can either help you directly or recommend talent you can hire to create a great ad for that medium.
  3. Use the Press to Tell Your Story. First, define what you want your target groups to know about your company. Then forge a media relations campaign-find out what media outlets your target market reads, watches and listens to, then become familiar with those outlets. "Tailor your pitch based on what that particular media outlet needs from you," says Gordon. "You'll improve your business image when you land coverage because you'll have highly credible news and information disseminated based on your central message."
  4. Target Influentials and Influencers. Some people have great influence over your target audience-be they reviewers, bloggers or people at the top of their industry whom others look to for expertise. "You need to create relationships with influencers," says Gordon. "You may even want to supply them with tools and materials they can use directly with your prospects so they can influence them positively toward using your business."
  5. Get One-on-One with Customers. Direct contact with your target audience is key to boosting your brand image. You might try experiential marketing, where you provide free trials of your product or service. Or you could invite your target audiences to a special event, says Gordon, where they'll "actually have this one-on-one experience with your product at a fun event where you're controlling the environment." Finally, get involved in your local community with causes and charities that appeal to your constituents.

 

Sources:

1. Nicole L. Torres, 5 Ways to Build Up Your Business Image - https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/160292
2. G. Armstrong, P. Kotler, M.O. Opresnik - Marketing: An Introduction, 13th edition

Learning objective 2. How to find and use the right channels?


Marketing channel = a set of interdependent organisations that help make a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user.

Distribution channels: many companies have used imaginative distribution systems to gain a competitive advantage.

Marketing channels are part of the overall customer value delivery network, and for every company is important to design the effective marketing channels by analysing customer needs, setting channel objectives, identifying major channel alternatives, and evaluating those alternatives.

When a company has defined its channel objectives, it should next identify its major channel alternatives in terms of the types of intermediaries, the number of intermediaries and the responsibilities of each channel member.

Marketing channels are simply the different ways a company can communicate with customers, clients, donors, volunteers, etc.


Valerie Neumark is listing some important and efficient marketing channels:

  • Website: make sure the content is clear and actual
  • Blog:  include keywords
  • Print/Direct Mail  
  • Email Newsletters/Flyers: keep people engaged and not annoyed with the amount of emails, keep messages short 
  • Facebook/Google+: keeps the company engaged in the commuinty 
  • Twitter: Great for sharing information with the community, requires daily active participation
  • Instagram/Pinterest: communicate company's brand


To use the correct marketing channels, you have to know how to communicate with your audience and what marketing channels work best for them. Advice from Valerie Neumark is to be strategic about how you start marketing through the channels that you use. Pick a channel to focus on, build out your program, then move to the next. You'll also see that once you have one channel built, you can use that to build more. For instance, if you have a large email list, you can use that to promote your Facebook page.

Do Work in Bursts: Automate Your Marketing Channels as Much as Possible
As a marketer, it is really important to manage your time. Rather than spending time each day managing your marketing channels, use tools that allow you to do work in focused bursts, and schedule content. Note that it is really important with social channels that you continue to "listen" and respond in real time. But, planned content can be written and scheduled easily.

Here are some ideas for how to do work in bursts and some useful tools to help you get this done.

  1. Write all your blog posts for a month in at one time. Use native functionality Wordpress or Drupal scheduling to publish them over time.
  2. Once you have the content for your website you can write and schedule 2 weeks of social posts in one sitting. Tool: buffer, hootsuite
  3. Once you have your website content written, you can also write and schedule all of your email newsletters. Tool: MailChimp, VerticalResponse


Sources:
1. G. Armstrong, P. Kotler, M.O. Opresnik - Marketing: An Introduction, 13th edition
2. Valerie Neumark, How to Choose the Right Marketing Channels - http://www.rootid.in/think/how-choose-right-marketing-channels

Monday, November 7, 2016

Trigger 7

Learning objective 1. What are the Main Components of an Income Statement?


The Income Statement:
A summary of an entity's result of operation for a specified period of time is revealed in the income statement, as it provides information about revenues generated and expenses incurred.
The difference between the revenue and expenses is identified as the net income or net loss.
The income statement can be prepared using a single-step or multiple-step approach, and might be further modified to include a number of special disclosures relating to unique items.

Two basic formats for the income statement are used in financial reporting presentations—the multi-step and the single-step. These are illustrated below in two simple examples:

In the multi-step income statement, four measures of profitability (*) are revealed at four critical junctions in a company's operations—gross, operating, pretax and after tax. In the single-step presentation, the gross and operating income figures are not stated; nevertheless, they can be calculated from the data provided.

Sources:

1. Booklet: Basics of accounting and information processing, link: http://bookboon.com/fi/basics-of-accounting-information-processing-ebook
2. Income statement - http://www.investopedia.com/articles/04/022504.asp


Learning objective 2. What are the Main Components of a Balance Sheet?


The Balance Sheet
The balance sheet focuses on the accounting equation by revealing the economic resources owned by an entity and the claims against those resources (liabilites and owners' equity).
The balance sheet is prepared as of a specific date and it portray financial position or condition of an entity.

The balance sheet contains statements of assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity.

Assets represent things of value that a company owns and has in its possession, or something that will be received and can be measured objectively. They are also called the resources of the business, some examples of assets include receivables, equipment, property and inventory. Assets have value because a business can use or exchange them to produce the services or products of the business.

Liabilities are the debts owed by a business to others–creditors, suppliers, tax authorities, employees, etc. They are obligations that must be paid under certain conditions and time frames. A business incurs many of its liabilities by purchasing items on credit to fund the business operations.

A company's equity represents retained earnings and funds contributed by its owners or shareholders (capital), who accept the uncertainty that comes with ownership risk in exchange for what they hope will be a good return on their investment.


Sources:

1. Booklet: Basics of accounting and information processing, link: http://bookboon.com/fi/basics-of-accounting-information-processing-ebook
2. Boundless. “Components of the Balance Sheet.” Boundless Accounting. Boundless, 20 Sep. 2016. Retrieved 07 Nov. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/accounting/textbooks/boundless-accounting-textbook/overview-of-financial-statements-3/the-balance-sheet-25/components-of-the-balance-sheet-158-6201/

Sunday, October 30, 2016

Trigger 6

Learning objective 1. What to consider when setting up a financial plan?


The Financial Plan is part of the Business Plan and usually should include estimates on Funding, Profitability and Sales:

  1. Investment calculation: is used to show the sources of funding and the expenditure requirements for the business in its initial stages.
  2. Profitability calculation: is used to estimate where the break-even position (critical point) arises for a given price level and profit margin, as sales volume is varied. This can be used to analyse whether a sales target is realistic.
  3. Sales calculation: the minimum invoiced sales target indicated by the profitability calculation can be apportioned among the various customer groups. This makes it easier to assess the importance of the customer relationships; any discounts and variable costs for products being sold shall be taken into account.

Sources:

1. Guide - Becoming an Entrepreneur in Finland: http://uusyrityskeskus.fi/sites/default/files/perustamisopas_suk_2016_en_web.pdf

Learning objective 2. How to setup accounting of a small business?


According to the Finnish Accounting Act, all businesses have a legal obligation to keep accounts. It is worthwhile for entrepreneurs to outsource their bookkeeping, i.e. to pay for a service from a firm of accountants, so that they can concentrate on earning their income. In choosing the firm of accountants, the entrepreneur should keep in mind that (s)he is eventually responsible also for the bookkeeping done by the firm of accountants. Therefore the entrepreneur must understand at least the basic concepts of the financial management of a company.

  1. Day-to-day bookkeeping, which is dealt with during the accounting period, is based on corroborative documents. These include sales invoices, purchase invoices, payslips and bank statements.
  2. Accounting period is normally 12 months.
  3. Financial statements - when the financial period has ended, a financial statement shall be prepared and large enterprises shall draw up an annual report. The financial statement of a small enterprise shall include an income statement, a balance sheet and notes to the financial statement as well as a list of books and records. An entrepreneur shall not have to prepare a financial statement if, during the last ended financial period and the preceding financial period, no more than one of the thresholds is exceeded:


    • balance sheet total exceeds EUR 350,000
    • turnover exceeds EUR 700,000
    • on the average, 10 employees employed during the financial period.
       4. Audits - the requirement to have a regular audit applies to general partnerships, limited partnerships, limited companies and co-operatives. However, according to the Finnish Audit Act, an auditor does not need to be appointed in small businesses, if no more than one of the following has been fulfilled in the last accounting period and the period that immediately preceded it:

    • total sum of the balance sheet exceeds EUR 100,000
    • net sales or the corresponding income figure exceeds EUR 200,000
    • or on average, there are more than three employees.

Sources:

1. Guide - Becoming an Entrepreneur in Finland: http://uusyrityskeskus.fi/sites/default/files/perustamisopas_suk_2016_en_web.pdf 


Learning objective 3. What legal aspects should one consider when starting a small business in Finland?


Legal aspects are involved in the following areas:
- form of business
- licenses
- financing
- unemployment security
- taxation
- start-up grant possibility
- registration
- accounting and money transactions (templates)
- business premises
- personell
- agreements.

Sources:

1. Guide - Becoming an Entrepreneur in Finland: http://uusyrityskeskus.fi/sites/default/files/perustamisopas_suk_2016_en_web.pdf 

Saturday, September 24, 2016

Trigger 5

Learning objective 1. How does Supply and Demand (S&D) Affect Prices?


To understand the mechanism on how S&D affects prices in a market, the following concepts should be understood:

  1. Supply = the quantity of goods or services that producers are able to provide
  2. Demand = the quantity of goods or services that buyers are willing to purchase

A key element that completes this S&D mechanism is the Price. If we add the price in the S&D definitions:

  1. Supply = the quantity of goods or services that producers are willing to provide at a certain price
  2. Demand = the quantity of goods or services that buyers are willing to purchase at a certain price

Changes in S&D for a good or service affect the selling price, and generally we can say:
- the lower the price, the higher the demand
- the higher the price, the lower the demand

There are more variables in the S&D equation, I only list here several:

  • as low as price can be, a man might never buy women cosmetic products
  • as low as price may be, beef cans may never sell in India
  • psychological price: a man may not buy a 5€ T-shirt from market place, but would buy instead the same product from a branded store selling it for 20€ - possibly trust was a factor in the buyer decision, but the decision must have been based on thoughts like: "this is quite expensive, must be of good quality".

More views on pricing I present in Learning Objective 3, below.

Sources:

1. John J. Wild, Kenneth L. Wild - International Business, The Challenges of Globalization, 8th Edition


Learning objective 2. What Kind of Different Markets Exist in Perspective of S&D?


A set up where two or more parties engage in exchange of goods, services and information is called a market. In a market, the seller sells goods and services to the buyer in exchange of money. There has to be more than one buyer and seller for the market to be competitive.

Monopoly - a condition where there is a single seller and many buyers at the market place. In a monopoly market, the seller decides the price of the product or service and can change it on his own.

Monopsony - a market form where there are many sellers but a single buyer. In such a set up, since there is a single buyer against many sellers, the buyer can exert his control on the sellers.

Types of Markets

  • Physical Markets - Shopping malls, department stores, retail stores are examples of physical markets where the buyers can physically meet the sellers.
  • Non Physical Markets/Virtual markets - In such markets, buyers purchase goods and services from sellers through internet without physical interaction.
  • Auction Market - In an auction market the seller sells his goods to one who is the highest bidder.
  • Market for Intermediate Goods - Such markets sell raw materials (goods) required for the final production of other goods.
  • Black Market - A black market is a setup where illegal goods or services are sold.
  • Knowledge Market - Knowledge market is a set up which deals in the exchange of information and knowledge based products.
  • Financial Market - Market dealing with the exchange of liquid assets (money) is called a financial market. Financial markets types include: Stock Market, Bond Market, Foreign Exchange Market.


Market segmentation is a marketing concept which divides the complete market set up into smaller subsets comprising of consumers with a similar taste, demand and preference.

Basis of Market Segmentation

  • Gender
  • Age Group
  • Income
  • Marital Status
  • Occupation
  • Psychographic segmentation - based on the lifestyle of the individuals.
  • Behaviouralistic Segmentation - individuals loyal towards a particular brand.
  • Geographic Segmentation


Sources:

1. MSG - Management Study Guide - Definition and Different types of Markets, http://www.managementstudyguide.com/what-is-market.htm


Learning objective 3. What Other Factors than S&D Affect Prices?


Internal factors

  • cost - influenced by the good or service production expenses
  • credit policies, promotions - price could be higher if an appealing credit policy is provided to the buyers, or price could be lower during the promotions

External factors

  • government controls - by laws and regulations (i.e. subsidies)
  • resellers and intermediaries - entities that usually will increase the selling price by adding their own commisions.

Sources:

1. Factors Affecting Pricing Product: Internal Factors and External Factors, article shared by Smriti Chand - http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/pricing/factors-affecting-pricing-product-internal-factors-and-external-factors/32313/

Monday, September 19, 2016

Trigger 4

Learning objective 1. What actions governments can take to affect the economy? What can be the consequences of government actions?


According to Andrew Beattie in his article “How Governments Influence Markets” the government has several possibilities to affect the markets and influence businesses in ways that often have unexpected consequences.


Monetary Policy: The Printing Press - Of all the weapons in the government's arsenal, monetary policy is by far the most powerful. Unfortunately, it is also the most imprecise. True, the government can do some fine control with tax policy to move capital between investments by granting favorable tax status (municipal government bonds have benefited from this). On the whole, however, governments tend to go for large, sweeping changes by altering the monetary landscape.

Currency Inflation - Governments are the only entities that can legally create their respective currencies. When they can get away with it, governments always want to inflate the currency. Why? Because it provides a short-term economic boost as companies charge more for their products and it also reduces the value of the government bonds issued in the inflated currency and owned by investors. Inflated money feels good for a while, especially for investors who see corporate profits and share prices shooting up, but the long-term impact is an erosion of value across the board. Savings are worth less, punishing savers and bond buyers. For debtors, this is good news because they now have to pay less value to retire their debts - again, hurting the people who bought bank bonds based off those debts. This makes borrowing more attractive, but interest rates soon shoot up to take away that attraction

Fiscal Policy: Interest Rates - Interest rates are another popular weapon, even though they are often used to counteract inflation. This is because they can spur the economy separately from inflation. Dropping interest rates via the Federal Reserve - as opposed the raising them - encourages companies and individuals to borrow more and buy more. Unfortunately, this leads to asset bubbles where, unlike the gradual erosion of inflation, huge amounts of capital are destroyed, which brings us neatly to the next way the government can influence the market.

Bailouts - After the financial crisis from 2008-2010, it is no secret that the U.S. government is willing to bailout industries that have gotten themselves into problems. Bailouts can skew the market by changing the rules to allow poorly run companies to survive. Often, these bailouts can hurt shareholders of the rescued company and/or the company's lenders. In normal market conditions, these firms would go out of business and see their assets sold to more efficient firms in order to pay creditors and - if possible - shareholders. Fortunately, the government only uses its ability to protect the most systemically important industries like banks, insurers, airlines and car manufacturers.

Subsidies and Tariffs - Subsidies and tariffs are essentially the same thing from the perspective of the taxpayer. In the case of a subsidy, the government taxes the general public and gives the money to a chosen industry to make it more profitable. In the case of a tariff, the government applies taxes to foreign products to make them more expensive, allowing the domestic suppliers to charge more for their product. Both of these actions have a direct impact on the market. Government support of an industry is a powerful incentive for banks and other financial institution to give those industries favorable terms. This preferential treatment from government and financing means that more capital and resources will be spent in that industry, even if the only comparative advantage it has is government support. This resource drain affects other, more globally competitive industries that now have to work harder to gain access to capital. This effect can be more pronounced when the government acts as the main client for certain industries, leading to the well-known examples of over-charging contractors and chronically delayed projects. 

Regulations and Corporate Tax - The business world rarely complains about bailouts and preferential treatment to certain industries, perhaps because they all harbor a secret hope of getting some. When it comes to regulations and tax, however, they howl - and not unjustly. What subsidies and tariffs can give to an industry in the form of a comparative advantage, regulation and tax can take away from many more. High taxes on corporate profits have a different effect in that they discourage companies from coming into the country. Just as states with low taxes can lure away companies from their neighbors, countries that tax less will tend to attract any corporations that are mobile. Worse yet, the companies that can't move end up paying the higher tax and are at a competitive disadvantage in business as well as for attracting investor capital. 
  
Sources:
1. How Governments Influence Markets, by Andrew Beattie -http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/11/how-governments-influence-markets.asp



Learning objective 2. What are the external factors that affect government's economic policy?

Economic policy refers to the actions that governments take in the economic field. It covers the systems for setting levels of taxation, government budgets, the money supply and interest rates as well as the labor market, national ownership, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy. Most factors of economic policy can be divided into either fiscal policy, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and spending, or monetary policy, which deals with central banking actions regarding the money supply and interest rates. Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises.

Through the fund, and other activities such as statistics-keeping and analysis, surveillance of its members' economies and the demand for particular policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries. The organization's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are: to promote international monetary cooperation, international trade, high employment, exchange-rate stability, sustainable economic growth, and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty.
  
Sources:

1. Economic Policy, Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy
2. International Monetary Fund, Wikipedia -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund


Learning objective 3. Why are governments subsidizing commodities?

Commodity = a  raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee. Commodities are most often used as inputs in the production of other goods or services.
  
subsidy is a benefit given by the government to groups or individuals, usually in the form of a cash payment or a tax reduction. The subsidy is typically given to remove some type of burden, and it is often considered to be in the overall interest of the public. Government subsidies help an industry by paying for part of the cost of the production of a good or service by offering tax credits or reimbursements or by paying for part of the cost a consumer would pay to purchase a good or service.

Types of subsidies:
·  Production subsidy - A production subsidy encourages suppliers to increase the output of a particular product by partially offsetting the production costs or losses. The objective of production subsidies is to expand production of a particular product more so that the market would promote but without raising the final price to consumers. This type of subsidy is predominantly found in developed markets

·  Consumer/consumption subsidy - A consumption subsidy is one that subsidises the behavior of consumers. These type of subsidies are most common in developing countries where governments subsidize such things as food, water, electricity and education on the basis that no matter how impoverished, all should be allowed those most basic requirements

·  Export subsidy - An export subsidy is a support from the government for products that are exported, as a means of assisting the country’s balance of payments

·  Employment subsidy - An employment subsidy serves as an incentive to businesses to provide more job opportunities to reduce the level of unemployment in the country (income subsidies) or to encourage research and development.[2] With an employment subsidy, the government provides assistance with wages. Another form of employment subsidy is the social security benefits.

·  Tax subsidy - Government can create the same outcome through selective tax breaks as through cash payment.

·  Transport subsidies - Some governments subsidize transport, especially rail and bus transport which decrease congestion and pollution compared to cars.

·  Environmental externalities - As well as the conventional and formal subsidies as outlined above there are myriad implicit subsidies principally in the form of environmental externalities. These subsidies include anything that is omitted but not accounted for and thus is an externality. These include things such as car drivers who pollute everyone’s atmosphere without compensating everyone, farmers who use pesticides which can pollute everyone’s ecosystems again without compensating everyone

Sources:
1. How Do Government Subsidies Help Industry? by Evan Tarver, June 2015 -http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/060215/how-do-government-subsidies-help-industry.asp
2. Subsidy, Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy